Nthawi zambiri, ogwiritsa ntchito Excel amakumana ndi ntchito yofanizira matebulo awiri kapena mindandanda kuti azindikire kusiyana kapena zinthu zosowa mwa iwo. Wogwiritsa ntchito aliyense amalimbana ndi ntchitoyi mwanjira yake, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala nthawi yambiri athetsa vuto ili, chifukwa si njira zonse zomwe zingavutikire. Nthawi yomweyo, pali mitundu ingapo yotsimikizika yomwe ingakuthandizeni kufananitsa mndandanda kapena mndandanda wazomwe mungagwiritse ntchito munthawi yochepa komanso kuyesetsa kochepa. Tiyeni tiwone bwino za njirazi.
Onaninso: Kuyerekeza zolembedwa ziwiri mu MS Mawu
Njira zofananizira
Pali njira zingapo zofananizira matebulo ku Excel, koma onse amatha kugawidwa m'magulu akulu akulu:
Kutengera ndi gawoli, choyambirira, njira zofananizira zimasankhidwa, komanso zochita zenizeni ndi ma algorithms zimatsimikiziridwa pantchitoyo. Mwachitsanzo, poyerekeza m'mabuku osiyanasiyana, muyenera kutsegula mafayilo awiri a Excel nthawi imodzi.
Kuphatikiza apo, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti kuyerekezera malo amatebulo kumakhala kopindulitsa pokhapokha atakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana.
Njira 1: njira yosavuta
Njira yosavuta kuyerekezera deta m'magome awiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yosavuta yofanana. Ngati zomwezi zikugwirizana, ndiye kuti zimapereka chidziwitso cha TRUE, ndipo ngati sichoncho, ndiye FALSE. Mutha kuyerekeza zonse zamanambala ndi zomwe zalembedwa. Zoyipa za njirayi ndikuti zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati malangizo omwe ali patebulolo adayendetsedwa kapena atasanjidwa mwanjira yomweyo, osakanikirana ndikukhala ndi chiwerengero chofanana ndi mizere. Tiyeni tiwone momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito njirayi pochita ndi zitsanzo za matebulo awiri omwe aikidwa papepala limodzi.
Chifukwa chake, tili ndi magome awiri osavuta okhala ndi mndandanda wa antchito ndi malipiro awo. Ndikofunikira kuyerekezera mndandanda wa antchito ndikuzindikira zosagwirizana pakati pazipilala momwe mayina adayikidwira.
- Kuti tichite izi, timafunikira tsamba lina. Timayika chikwangwani pamenepo "=". Kenako timadina pazinthu zoyambirira zomwe mukufuna kufananitsa mndandanda woyamba. Timayikanso chizindikirochi "=" kuchokera pa kiyibodi. Kenako, dinani pa foni yoyamba yamtunduwu yomwe tikufanizira pa tebulo lachiwiri. Zotsatira zake ndi izi:
= A2 = D2
Ngakhale, zoona, munthawi iliyonse, zogwirizanitsa zimakhala zosiyana, koma mawonekedwe amakhalabe ofanana.
- Dinani batani Lowanikuti mupeze zotsatira zofananizira. Monga mukuwonera, poyerekeza maselo oyamba a mindandanda yonse, pulogalamuyo idawonetsa chizindikiro "ZOONA", zomwe zikutanthauza kufanana.
- Tsopano tikufunika kuchita chimodzimodzi ndi maselo ena onse a matebulo omwe tikufanizira. Koma mutha kungojambula chilinganizo, chomwe chimapulumutsa nthawi. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri poyerekeza mindandanda ndi mizere yambiri.
Njira yokopera imachitika mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito cholembera. Timasunthira pakona yakumunsi kwa chipindacho, komwe timakhala ndi cholembera "ZOONA". Nthawi yomweyo, iyenera kusinthidwa kukhala mtanda wakuda. Ichi ndi chikhomo chodzaza. Timakanikizira batani lakumanzere ndikukokera kutemberera pamambala ya mizere mumizere yoyerekeza ya tebulo.
- Monga mukuwonera, tsopano mu gawo lina zowonjezera zonse zotsatira za kufananizidwa kwa kanjedza m'mizere iwiri yamakonzedwe a tebulo akuwonetsedwa. M'malo mwathu, zambiri pamzera umodzi wokha sizikugwirizana. Poyerekeza iwo, njira ija idatulutsa FALSE. Kwa mizera ina yonse, monga tikuonera, njira yofananizira idatulutsa chizindikiro "ZOONA".
- Kuphatikiza apo, ndizotheka kuwerengetsa kuchuluka kwa zosagwirizana pogwiritsa ntchito njira yapadera. Kuti muchite izi, sankhani gawo la pepala momwe liwonetsedwere. Kenako dinani chizindikiro "Ikani ntchito".
- Pazenera Ogwira Ntchito pagulu la ogwiritsira ntchito "Masamu" sankhani dzinalo SUMPRONT. Dinani batani "Zabwino".
- Tsamba la mkangano wa ntchito limayambitsa. SUMPRONTomwe ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuwerengera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamitundu yonse yosankhidwa. Koma izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga zathu. Syntax ndi yosavuta:
= SUMPRuction (arr11; arr22; ...)
Pazonse, ma adilesi mpaka 255 arrann angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mikangano. Koma m'malo mwathu, tidzagwiritsa ntchito magawo awiri, kuphatikiza, ngati lingaliro limodzi.
Ikani wolemba m'munda "Pantan1" ndipo sankhani papepala magawo ofananira omwe amapezeka m'gawo loyamba. Pambuyo pake, ikani chikwangwani m'munda wosofanana () ndikusankha mtundu wofanana ndi dera lachiwiri. Kenako, kukulunga mawuwo m'mabatani omwe tidayikamo anthu awiri "-". Kwa ife, mawu awa:
- (A2: A7D2: D7)
Dinani batani "Zabwino".
- Wogwiritsa ntchito amawerengera ndikuwonetsa zotsatira zake. Monga mukuwonera, kwa ife, zotsatira zake ndi zofanana ndi chiwerengerocho "1", ndiye kuti, zikutanthauza kuti kusoweka kamodzi kunapezeka pamndandanda wofananitsidwa. Ngati mndandandawo unali wofanana kwathunthu, ndiye kuti zotsatirazo zikadakhala zofanana ndi chiwerengerocho "0".
Munjira yomweyo, mutha kufananiza deta mumataulo omwe amapezeka pamasamba osiyanasiyana. Koma pankhaniyi, ndikofunikira kuti mizere yomwe ilimo iwerenge. Kupanda kutero, njira yofananizira ili pafupifupi ndendende monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, pokhapokha kuti mutalowa fomula muyenera kusintha pakati pama sheet. M'malo mwathu, mawuwo akuwoneka motere:
= B2 = Sheet2! B2
Ndiye kuti, monga tawonera, izi zisanachitike, zomwe zikupezeka patsamba lina, kusiyapo komwe zotsatira za fanizo zikuwonetsedwa, nambala ya pepala ndi chizindikiro chamawuwo zikuwonetsedwa.
Njira 2: sankhani magulu a maselo
Kufananiza kungapangidwe pogwiritsa ntchito chida chosankha gulu. Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kufananiza mndandanda wokhazikitsidwa wokha komanso wolamula. Kuphatikiza apo, pankhaniyi, mindandanda iyenera kukhala pafupi ndi inzake patsamba limodzi.
- Timasankha zoyeserera poyerekeza. Pitani ku tabu "Pofikira". Chotsatira, dinani pazizindikiro Pezani ndikuwunikiraili pa riboni m'bokosi la chida "Kusintha". Mndandanda umatseguka momwe mungasankhire malo "Kusankha gulu la maselo ...".
Kuphatikiza apo, titha kufika pazenera labwino pakusankha gulu la maselo mwanjira ina. Izi ndizothandiza makamaka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe adayika pulogalamuyo kale kuposa Excel 2007, popeza njira kudzera pa batani Pezani ndikuwunikira izi sizigwirizana. Timasankha makulidwe omwe tikufuna kufananitsa, ndikusindikiza fungulo F5.
- Windo laling'ono losintha limayatsidwa. Dinani batani "Sankhani ..." kumunsi kwake kumanzere.
- Pambuyo pake, chilichonse mwa mitundu iwiri yomwe mwasankhayo mungasankhe, zenera losankha magulu a maselo limayambitsidwa. Khazikitsani kusintha "Sankhani mzere ndi mzere". Dinani batani "Zabwino".
- Monga mukuwonera, zitatha izi malingaliro olakwika a mizere adzawunikiridwa ndi gawo lina. Kuphatikiza apo, momwe titha kuwerengera kuchokera pazomwe zili mu formula bar, pulogalamuyi ipanga imodzi mwa maselo omwe ali mumizere yomwe ilipo.
Njira 3: kusinthasintha
Mutha kuyerekeza kugwiritsa ntchito njira yofikira. Monga momwe munachitira kale, madera omwe akufananiranawo ayenera kukhala papepala lofananalo la Excel ndikugwirizanitsidwa wina ndi mnzake.
- Choyamba, timasankha tebulo lomwe tikambilane lalikulu, ndi momwe tingayang'anire kusiyana. Tiyeni tichite chomaliza pagome lachiwiri. Chifukwa chake, timasankha mndandanda wa ogwira ntchito omwe amapezekamo. Kusamukira ku tabu "Pofikira"dinani batani Njira Zakukonzeraniyomwe ili pa tepi mu block Masitaelo. Kuchokera pa mndandanda wotsika, pitani ku Malamulo Oyang'anira.
- Zenera la woyang'anira limayatsidwa. Dinani batani mmenemo Pangani Lamulo.
- Pazenera lomwe limayamba, sankhani malo Gwiritsani Ntchito. M'munda "Maselo Amitundu" lembani kachitidwe kokhala ndi ma adilesi a maselo oyamba amizere yolumikizidwa, olekanitsidwa ndi chizindikiro "chosalingana" () Chiyankhulo chokha chomwe chidzayang'ane nthawi ino. "=". Kuphatikiza apo, adilesi yonseyi iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamagulu onse azolowera munjira iyi. Kuti muchite izi, sankhani chilinganizo ndi cholozera ndikusindikiza kiyi katatu F4. Monga mukuwonera, chikwangwani cha dollar chidawoneka pafupi ndi adilesi onse, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kusintha maulalo kukhala amtheradi. Kwa ife, formula yatenga mawonekedwe awa:
= $ A2 $ D2
Timalemba mawuwa pamwambapa. Pambuyo pake, dinani batani "Fomu ...".
- Zenera limayatsidwa Mtundu Wa Cell. Pitani ku tabu "Dzazani". Pano pamndandanda wa mitundu timayimitsa kusankha pa mtundu womwe tikufuna kujambula zinthuzo zomwe data sizingafanane. Dinani batani "Zabwino".
- Kubwerera pazenera kuti mupange mtundu woyikira, dinani batani "Zabwino".
- Pambuyo atasamukira pawindo Oyang'anira Malamulo dinani batani "Zabwino" ndi m'menemu.
- Tsopano patebulo lachiwiri, zinthu zomwe zili ndi deta zomwe sizigwirizana ndi zomwe zili m'ndime yoyamba zidzawonetsedwa pamtundu wosankhidwa.
Pali njira inanso yothandizira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito ntchitoyo. Monga njira zam'mbuyomu, zimafunikira malo onse omwe amayerekezedwa papepala limodzi, koma mosiyana ndi njira zomwe zafotokozedwapo kale, chikhalidwe chogwirizanitsa kapena kusanja deta sichikhala chovomerezeka, chomwe chimasiyanitsa njirayi ndi zomwe tafotokozazi.
- Timasankha madera oti afananizidwe.
- Pitani ku tabu yotchedwa "Pofikira". Dinani batani Njira Zakukonzerani. Pamndandanda wokhazikitsa, sankhani malo Malamulo Osankha Maselo. Pazosankha zotsatirazi timasankha mawonekedwe Makhalidwe Abwino.
- Zenera lokhala ndi kusankha mfundo zomwe akubwereza limayamba. Ngati mudachita chilichonse molondola, ndiye pazenera ili limangokhala ndikudina batani "Zabwino". Ngakhale, ngati mungafune, mu gawo lolingana ndi zenera ili, mutha kusankha mtundu wowoneka bwino.
- Tikatha kuchita zomwe zidatchulidwa, zinthu zonse zobwereza zidzawoneka bwino. Zinthu zomwe sizingafanane ndizikhala utoto wake wapakale (zoyera posakhalitsa). Chifukwa chake, mutha kuwona pomwepo kusiyana komwe kulipo pakati pa kukhazikika.
Ngati mungafune, muthamangitse, pangani utoto wazinthu zomwe sizinatumizidweko, ndi zomwe zikugwirizana, kusiya zonsezo ndi utoto womwewo. Algorithm ya zochita ili pafupifupi chimodzimodzi, koma pazenera loikamo zowunikira zomwe zili mumunda woyamba m'malo mwa gawo Zobwereza ayenera kusankha "Wapadera". Pambuyo pake, dinani batani "Zabwino".
Chifukwa chake, zisonyezo zomwe sizikugwirizana zidzawunikidwa.
Phunziro: Kusintha Kwa Zinthu mu Excel
Njira 4: kachitidwe kovuta
Mutha kuyerekezeranso deta pogwiritsa ntchito njira yovuta yozindikira ntchitoyo KULIMA. Pogwiritsa ntchito chida ichi, mutha kuwerengetsa kuchuluka kwa chilichonse kuchokera kuzomwe zasankhidwa patebulo lachiwiri.
Wogwiritsa ntchito KULIMA amatanthauza gulu lantchito. Ntchito yake ndikuwerenga kuchuluka kwa maselo omwe mfundo zake zimakwaniritsa zomwe amapatsidwa. Matanthauzidwe a opaleshoni awa ndi awa:
= COUNTIF (mtundu; chitsimikiziro)
Kukangana "Zosintha" imayimira adilesi yomwe makanema omwe amawerengedwa amawerengedwa.
Kukangana "Mundende" amakhazikitsa mawonekedwe. M'malo mwathu, ndizoyang'anira maselo enaake mderalo.
- Timasankha gawo loyambirira la mzere wowonjezera momwe chiwerengero cha machesi chidzawerengedwa. Chotsatira, dinani pazizindikiro "Ikani ntchito".
- Kuyambira Ogwira Ntchito. Pitani ku gulu "Zowerengera". Pezani dzinalo m'ndandanda "COUNTIF". Mukasankha, dinani batani "Zabwino".
- Woyendetsa Window Window Woyambitsa KULIMA. Monga mukuwonera, mayina aminda yomwe ili pazenera ili imafanana ndi mayina amawu.
Khazikitsani chotembezera m'munda "Zosintha". Pambuyo pake, mutanyamula batani lakumanzere, sankhani zofunikira zonse za mzatiyo ndi mayina a tebulo lachiwiri. Monga mukuwonera, ogwirizanitsa nthawi yomweyo amagwera m'munda womwe wafotokozedwayo. Koma kwa zolinga zathu, adilesiyi iyenera kukhala yopanda tanthauzo. Kuti muchite izi, sankhani izi mogwirizana m'munda ndikusindikiza fungulo F4.
Monga mukuwonera, ulalo watenga mawonekedwe mtheradi, omwe amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa zizindikiro za dollar.
Kenako pitani kumunda "Mundende"poika cholozera pamenepo. Timadina chinthu choyamba ndi mayina omaliza pamndandanda woyamba wa tebulo. Poterepa, siyani cholumikizacho. Pambuyo kuwonetsedwa m'munda, mutha dinani batani "Zabwino".
- Zotsatira zake zikuwonekera. Ndikofanana ndi manambala "1". Izi zikutanthauza kuti pa mndandanda wa mayina a tebulo lachiwiri, dzina lomaliza "Grinev V.P.", womwe ndi woyamba pa mndandanda wa mndandanda woyamba wa mndandanda, umapezeka kamodzi.
- Tsopano tikufunika kupanga mawu ofanana pazinthu zina zonse za thebulo loyamba. Kuti tichite izi, tidzatengera zolemba zodzaza, monga momwe tidapangira kale. Ikani chidziwitso mu gawo lamunsi lakumanzere kwa pepala lomwe lili ndi ntchitoyo KULIMA, ndipo mutatembenuza kuti ikhale chodzaza, gwiritsani pansi batani lakumanzere ndikokera kounikira pansi.
- Monga mukuwonera, pulogalamuyi idafanizira zochitika zonse poyerekeza khungu lililonse la tebulo loyambirira ndi deta yomwe ili pamndandanda wachiwiri wa tebulo. M'miyeso inayi, zotsatira zake zidatuluka "1", komanso pawiri - "0". Ndiye kuti, pulogalamuyi sinathe kupeza pagome lachiwiri mfundo ziwiri zomwe zili pamndandanda woyamba.
Zachidziwikire, mawu awa, pofuna kufananizira zizindikiro za tabular, angagwiritsidwe ntchito momwe adalipo, koma pali mwayi wowukonza.
Tikuwonetsetsa kuti mfundo zomwe zili pa tebulo lachiwiri, koma sizili zoyamba, zikuwonetsedwa pamndandanda wina.
- Choyamba, tikonzanso pang'ono mawonekedwe athu KULIMA, zomwe, timazipanga kukhala imodzi mwazitsutsano za wothandizira NGATI. Kuti muchite izi, sankhani khungu loyamba lomwe wopangirayo ali KULIMA. Mu mzere wamafomula patsogolo pake, onjezani mawuwo NGATI osagwira mawu ndikutsegula bulaketi. Kenako, kuti tizivuta kugwira ntchito, sankhani phindu mu baramu yodula NGATI ndikudina chizindikiro "Ikani ntchito".
- Ntchito yotsutsana ndi ntchito imatsegulidwa NGATI. Monga mukuwonera, gawo loyamba la zenera ladzazidwa kale ndi mtengo wothandizira KULIMA. Koma tikuyenera kuwonjezera china pamunda uno. Timayika cholozera pamenepo ndikuwonjezera pamawu omwe alipo "=0" opanda mawu.
Pambuyo pake, pitani kumunda "Tanthauza ngati zili zoona". Apa tikugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ina yokonza - LERO. Lowetsani mawu LERO opanda zolemba, kenako tsegulani mabakhuwo ndikuwonetsa zolumikizana za selo loyamba ndi dzina lomaliza pagome lachiwiri, kenako ndikatseka mabataniwo. Makamaka, m'malo mwathu, m'munda "Tanthauza ngati zili zoona" Mawu otsatirawa:
LINE (D2)
Tsopano wothandizira LERO adzalemba ntchito NGATI kuchuluka kwa mzere momwe dzina linalake lomaliza limapezekera, ndipo ngati mkhalidwe womwe watchulidwa mumunda woyamba ukhutitsidwa, ntchitoyo NGATI iwonetsa nambala iyi m'selo. Dinani batani "Zabwino".
- Monga mukuwonera, zotsatira zoyambirira zikuwonetsedwa ngati FALSE. Izi zikutanthauza kuti phindu silikukwaniritsa zomwe wothandizira akuchita. NGATI. Ndiye kuti, dzina loyamba limapezeka m'mndandanda onse awiri.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito chikhomo, timatengera mawu ogwiritsa ntchito mwanjira yanthawi zonse NGATI pa mzere wonse. Monga mukuwonera, m'malo awiri omwe akupezeka pagome lachiwiri, koma osati woyamba, fomulamu imapereka manambala amzera.
- Timachoka patebulo kupita kumanja ndikudzaza mzere ndi manambala kuti, kuyambira 1. Chiwerengero cha manambala chiyenera kufanana ndi mizere yomwe ili patebulo lachiwiri kuti ifananizidwe. Kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa manambala, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito chikhomo.
- Pambuyo pake, sankhani khungu loyamba kumanja kwa kholalo ndi manambala ndikudina chizindikiro "Ikani ntchito".
- Kutsegula Fotokozerani Wizard. Pitani ku gulu "Zowerengera" ndi kusankha dzina "LEAST". Dinani batani "Zabwino".
- Ntchito KOPANDAomwe zenera lake lotseguka latsegulidwa, cholinga chake ndikuwonetsa mtengo wocheperako womwe umasungidwa muakaunti.
M'munda Menya fotokozerani zogwirizanitsa zamagulu azolowera "Chiwerengero Chofanana"zomwe tidasinthira kale pogwiritsa ntchito ntchitoyi NGATI. Timapanga maulalo onse mtheradi.
M'munda "K" chikuwonetsa akaunti yomwe mtengo wotsikitsitsa umayenera kuwonetsedwa. Apa tikuwunikira zolumikizana za selo loyamba la mzerewu ndikulemba manambala, zomwe tidawonjezera posachedwa. Tikusiyira adilesi. Dinani batani "Zabwino".
- Wogwiritsa ntchito akuwonetsa zotsatira zake - angapo 3. Ndiwocheperako pang'ono pazomwe zimasanjidwa bwino. Pogwiritsa ntchito chikhomo, koperani formula mpaka pansi.
- Tsopano, podziwa manambala amizere ya zinthu zomwe sizinasungidweko, titha kuyika mu khungu mfundo zawo pogwiritsa ntchito ntchitoyo INDEX. Sankhani gawo loyamba la pepala lomwe lili ndi formula KOPANDA. Pambuyo pake, pitani pamzere wa mafomula komanso pamaso pa dzinalo "LEAST" onjezani dzinali INDEX popanda zolemba, tsegulani bulaketi ndikuyika semicolon (;) Kenako sankhani dzinalo mzere wa mayankho INDEX ndikudina chizindikiro "Ikani ntchito".
- Pambuyo pake, zenera laling'ono limatseguka momwe muyenera kudziwa momwe lingaliro liyenera kugwira ntchito INDEX kapena adapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito ndi gulu. Tikufuna njira yachiwiri. Idakhazikitsidwa ndi kusakhazikika, kotero pazenera ili dinani batani "Zabwino".
- Tsamba la mkangano wa ntchito likuyamba INDEX. Wogwiritsa ntchito adapangidwa kuti atulutse mtengo womwe umapezeka mumtundu winawake.
Monga mukuwonera, mundawo Nambala ya mzere yadzaza kale ndi malingaliro othandizira KOPANDA. Kuchokera pa mtengo womwe ulipo kale, kusiyana pakati pa manambala a pepala la Excel ndi kuwerengeka kwamkati mwa tebulo kuyenera kutsitsidwa. Monga mukuwonera, tili ndi mutu chabe pamitengo ya patebulopo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kusiyana ndi mzere umodzi. Chifukwa chake, timawonjezera m'munda Nambala ya mzere mtengo "-1" opanda mawu.
M'munda Menya fotokozerani adilesi yamagulu osiyanasiyana amtundu wachiwiri. Nthawi yomweyo, timapanga zonse kukhala zogwirizira, ndiye kuti, timayika pamaso pawo chikwangwani cha dola m'njira yomwe tidafotokozera kale.
Dinani batani "Zabwino".
- Pambuyo powonetsa zotsatira pazenera, timakulitsa ntchitoyi pogwiritsa ntchito chikhomo mpaka pansi. Monga mukuwonera, maina onse omwe akupezeka pagome lachiwiri, koma omwe sanakhale oyamba, amawonetsedwa mosiyanasiyana.
Njira 5: yerekezerani zosanja m'mabuku osiyanasiyana
Poyerekeza magawo m'mabuku osiyanasiyana, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zili pamwambazi, kupatula zosankha zomwe mukufuna kusankha malo onse awiri pa tebulo limodzi. Chofunikira kwambiri pakufanizira pamenepa ndikutsegula mazenera a mafayilo onse nthawi imodzi. Mwa mitundu ya Excel 2013 ndi pambuyo pake, komanso Mabaibulo a Excel 2007, palibe mavuto ndi izi. Koma mu Excel 2007 ndi Excel 2010, kuti mutsegule mawindo onse nthawi yomweyo, zowonjezera ndizofunikira. Momwe mungachitire izi akufotokozedwa mu gawo lapadera.
Phunziro: Momwe mungatsegulire Excel m'mawindo osiyanasiyana
Monga mukuwonera, pali mwayi wambiri wofananiza matebulo pakati pawo. Njira yanji yomwe mungagwiritsire zimadalira komwe masamba omwe amapezeka ndi ofananirana (papepala limodzi, m'mabuku osiyanasiyana, pamapepala osiyanasiyana), komanso momwe wosuta amafunira kuti ziwonetsedwe pazenera.