KUKHAZIKITSA DEBIAN PAMBUYO KUKHAZIKITSA

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Chisamba sichingadzitame chifukwa chogwira ntchito ikangokhazikitsa. Iyi ndiye njira yogwiritsira ntchito yomwe muyenera yoyamba kuyisintha, ndipo nkhaniyi ikufotokozerani momwe mungachitire.

Werengani komanso: Maofesi Otchuka a Linux

Khwekhwe ya Debian

Chifukwa cha zosankha zambiri zakukhazikitsa Debian (network, basic, from DVD media), ndizosatheka kupanga buku lapadziko lonse lapansi, kotero ena mwa magawo a bukuli amagwiranso ntchito pazogwiritsa ntchito makina ena.

Gawo 1: Kukweza Kwadongosolo

Chinthu choyamba kuchita mukakhazikitsa dongosolo ndikusintha. Koma izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe adayika Debian kuchokera ku DVD media. Ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito njira ya maukonde, ndiye kuti zosintha zonse zatsopano ziziikidwa kale mu OS.

Tsegulani "Pokwelera"polemba dzina lake mndandanda wazakudyazo ndikudina chizindikiro chofananira.

Pezani ufulu wachiwonetsero potsatira lamulo:
su
ndikulowetsa achinsinsi otchulidwa pakakonzedwe kake.
Chidziwitso: ukalowa mawu achinsinsi, sikuwoneka mwanjira iliyonse.
Thamangani malamulo awiri nthawi imodzi:
khalani wokonzeka kusintha khalani okonzeka
Yambitsaninso kompyuta yanu kuti mumalize zosintha zamakina. Kuti muchite izi, mutha kutero "Pokwelera" yendetsa lamulo lotsatira:
kuyambiranso

Kompyuta ikayambanso, pulogalamuyo imakhala isinthidwa kale, kotero mutha kupitirira sitepe yotsatira.

Onaninso: Kukweza Debian 8 mpaka Version 9

Gawo 2: Ikani SUDO

wokonda - Chida chopangidwa ndi cholinga chopatsa ogwiritsa ntchito ufulu woyang'anira. Monga mukuwonera, pokonzanso kachitidwe kunali kofunika kulowa mbiri muzuzimafunika nthawi yowonjezera. Ngati mungagwiritse ntchito wokonda, mutha kudumpha izi.

Pofuna kukhazikitsa zofunikira m'dongosolo wokonda, zofunika, kukhala mu mbiri muzuyendetsa lamulo:

khalani ndi kukhazikitsa sudo

Chithandizo wokonda yakhazikitsidwa, koma kuti muigwiritse ntchito muyenera kupeza ufulu. Ndikosavuta kuchita izi pochita izi:

adduser UserName sudo

Pomwe m'malo "UserName" muyenera kuloleza dzina la ogwiritsa ntchito omwe maudindo adapatsidwa.

Pomaliza, yambitsaninso dongosolo kuti masinthidwewo achitike.

Wonaninso: Malamulo Omwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito Nthawi Zonse mu Linux terminal

Gawo: 3: Konzani Zolemba

Pambuyo kukhazikitsa Debian, malo omwe amangokhazikitsidwa kuti alandire mapulogalamu otseguka otseguka, koma izi sizokwanira kuti akhazikitse pulogalamu yaposachedwa ya pulogalamuyo ndi oyendetsa pamakina.

Pali njira ziwiri zosinthira makina kuti alandire pulogalamu yoyang'anira: kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yowoneka bwino ndikupereka malamulo mu "Pokwelera".

Mapulogalamu & Zosintha

Kukhazikitsa malo ogwiritsira ntchito pulogalamu ya GUI, chitani izi:

Thamanga Mapulogalamu & Zosintha kuchokera menyu dongosolo.

Tab "Mapulogalamu A Debian" onani mabokosi pafupi ndi mfundozo "chachikulu", "pereka" ndi "zopandaulele".

Kuchokera pa mndandanda wotsika Tsitsani kuchokera Sankhani seva yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri.

Press batani Tsekani.

Pambuyo pake, pulogalamuyi ikuthandizani kuti musinthe zidziwitso zonse zopezeka pazosunga - dinani "Tsitsimutsani", kenako dikirani mpaka kumapeto kwa njirayi ndikupita ku gawo lotsatira.

Pokwelera

Ngati pazifukwa zina simunathe kusintha pulogalamuyi Mapulogalamu & Zosintha, ndiye kuti ntchitoyi imathandizidwanso "Pokwelera". Izi ndi zomwe muyenera kuchita:

Tsegulani fayilo yomwe ili ndi mndandanda wazosunga zonse. Kuti muchite izi, nkhaniyi imagwiritsa ntchito cholembera Gedit, mutha kulowanso ina m'malo oyenera gululo.
sudo gedit /etc/apt/source.list
Mu mkonzi omwe amatsegula, onjezani zosintha pamizere yonse "chachikulu", "pereka" ndi "zopandaulele".
Press batani Sungani.
Tsekani mkonzi.

Onaninso: Akonzi otchuka a Linux

Zotsatira zake, fayilo yanu iyenera kuwoneka motere:

Tsopano, kuti zosinthazo zichitike, sinthani mndandanda wazolongedza ndi lamulo:

kukonda kwambiri

Gawo 4: Powonjezera Zithunzi

Kupitiliza mutu wama repositories, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tiwonjezere Zowonjezera pamndandanda. Muli mitundu yamapulogalamu aposachedwa. Phukusili limayesedwa ngati mayeso, koma mapulogalamu onse omwe alimo ndi okhazikika. Sanalowe m'maboma ovomerezeka pokhapokha chifukwa chakuti adapangidwa atamasulidwa. Chifukwa chake, ngati mukufuna kusintha madalaivala, kernel ndi mapulogalamu ena ku mtundu waposachedwa, muyenera kulumikiza posungira mbiri ya Backports.

Mutha kuchita izi ngati Mapulogalamu & Zosinthachoncho ndi "Pokwelera". Tiyeni tiwone njira zonse ziwiri mwatsatanetsatane.

Mapulogalamu & Zosintha

Kuphatikiza posungira mbiri ya Backports pogwiritsa ntchito Mapulogalamu & Zosintha muyenera:

Tsatirani pulogalamuyo.
Pitani ku tabu "Mapulogalamu Ena".
Press batani "Onjezani ...".

Mu mzere APT lowetsani:
bil //mirror.yandex.ru/debian zokulitsa-zikwangwani zazikulu zimathandizira zopandaulere(kwa Debian 9)
kapena
madiyi //mirror.yandex.ru/debian jessie-backports zazikulu zimapangitsa zopanda(kwa Debian 8)
Press batani "Onjezani gwero".

Pambuyo pazochitikazo, tsekani zenera la pulogalamuyo, ndikupereka chilolezo chosinthira.

Pokwelera

Mu "Pokwelera" Kuti muwonjezere posungira mbiri ya Backports, muyenera kuyika deta mufayilo "Source.list". Kuti muchite izi:

Tsegulani fayilo yomwe mukufuna:
sudo gedit /etc/apt/source.list
Mmenemo, ikani cholozera kumapeto kwa mzere womaliza ndipo, ndikanikiza batani kawiri Lowani, indent, kenako lowetsani mizere ili:
bil //mirror.yandex.ru/debian zokulitsa-zikwangwani zazikulu zimathandizira zopandaulere deb-src //mirror.yandex.ru/debian zokulitsa-zikwama zazikulu zimathandizira zopandaulere(kwa Debian 9)
kapena
madiyi //mirror.yandex.ru/debian jessie-backports zazikulu zimapangitsa zopanda deb-src //mirror.yandex.ru/debian jessie-backports main pro-free(kwa Debian 8)
Press batani Sungani.
Tsekani mawu olemba.

Kuti mugwiritse ntchito magawo onse omwe adalowetsedwa, sinthani mndandanda wa phukusi:

kukonda kwambiri

Tsopano, kukhazikitsa pulogalamuyi kuchokera pazosungidwa izi kulowa mu dongosolo, gwiritsani ntchito lamulo ili:

sudo apt-get -t-fix-backports [dzina phukusi](kwa Debian 9)

kapena

sudo apt-get jessie-backports [dzina phukusi](kwa Debian 8)

Pomwe m'malo "[dzina la phukusi]" lembani dzina la phukusi lomwe mukufuna kukhazikitsa

Gawo 5: Ikani Fonts

Chofunikira pa dongosololi ndimafayilo. Pali owerengeka ochepa ku Debian, kotero ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolemba kapena omwe ali ndi zithunzi mu pulogalamu ya GIMP amafunika kubwezeretsanso mindandanda yomwe idalembedwa kale. Mwa zina, pulogalamu ya Wine siyingagwire bwino ntchito popanda iwo.

Kukhazikitsa zilembo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Windows, muyenera kuyendetsa lamulo lotsatira:

sudo apt-kukhazikitsa ttf-freefont ttf-mscorefonts-installer

Muthanso kuwonjezera zilembo kuchokera pamawu omwe asankhidwa:

okonda kwambiri khalani okonza zilembo

Mutha kukhazikitsa zilembo pongowafunafuna pa intaneti ndikusuntha kupita ku chikwatu ".fonts"ndiye muzu wa dongosololi. Ngati mulibe chikwatu ichi, pangani nokha.

Gawo 6: Konzani zosalala

Mwa kukhazikitsa Debian, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo amatha kuwona zolakwika zotsutsana ndi mafonti a dongosolo. Vutoli limathetsedwa mosavuta - muyenera kupanga fayilo yapadera. Umu ndi momwe mungachitire:

Mu "Pokwelera" pitani ku dongosololi "/ etc / fonti /". Kuti muchite izi, chitani:
CD / etc / mafonti /

Pangani fayilo yatsopano yotchedwa "local.conf":
sudo gedit akumalonda.conf
Mu mkonzi womwe umatsegulira, lembani mawu awa:
rgb zoona hintsin lcddefault zabodza ~ / .fonts
Press batani Sungani ndikatseka mkonzi.

Zitatha izi, mafonti azikhala osalala machitidwe onse.

Gawo 7: Kusintha Kuyankhula kwa Pulogalamu

Zokonzekera izi siziyenera kuchitikira ogwiritsa ntchito onse, koma okhawo omwe akumva phokoso kuchokera pagawo lawo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti m'misonkhano yambiri njirayi siyolumala. Kuti mupeze vuto ili, muyenera:

Tsegulani fayilo yosintha "fbdev-chikacho.conf":
sudo gedit /etc/modprobe.d/fbdev-blacklist.conf
Pamapeto pake, lembani mzere wotsatirawu:
makulidwe pcspkr
Sungani zosintha ndikutseka mkonzi.

Tangobweretsa gawo "pcspkr", yomwe imayendetsa phokoso la wokamba dongosolo, siyilembedwa, motere, vutolo limakonzedwa.

Gawo 8: Ikani ma Codecs

Makina okhawo a Debian okhawo alibe ma codecs a multimedia, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha luso lawo. Chifukwa cha izi, wogwiritsa ntchito sangathe kuyanjana ndi mafayilo ambiri amawu ndi makanema. Kuti muthane ndi vutoli, muyenera kukhazikitsa. Kuti muchite izi:

Thamangitsani lamulo:
sudo apt-kukhazikitsa libavcodec-extra57 ffmpeg
Mukamaliza kuyika, muyenera kutsimikizira izi polemba chizindikiro pa kiyibodi D ndikudina Lowani.

Tsopano muyenera kukhazikitsa ma codec owonjezera, koma ali munjira ina yosungirako, kotero muyenera kuwonjezera ku koyamba. Kuti muchite izi, ikani malamulo atatu:
su echo "# Debian Multimedia deb ftp://ftp.deb-multimedia.org kutambasula kwakukulu sikotulutsa "> '/etc/apt/source.list.d/deb-multimedia.list'(kwa Debian 9)
kapena
su echo "# Debian Multimedia deb ftp://ftp.deb-multimedia.org jessie main non-free "> '/etc/apt/source.list.d/deb-multimedia.list'(kwa Debian 8)

Sinthani mbiri yabwino:
kusintha kwatsopano
Mu zotsatira, mutha kuzindikira kuti cholakwika chachitika - kachipangizoka sikungathe kupeza fungulo la GPG.
Kuti izi zitheke, yendetsani lamulo ili:
ma-apt-key Adv --recv-key --keyserver pkupkeys.mit.edu 5C808C2B65558117
Chidziwitso: m'mabizinesi ena a Debian amangapo, "zotsimikizika" sizikusowa, chifukwa cha ichi lamulo limalephera. Iyenera kuyikiridwa ndikuyendetsa "sudo apt-get install dirmngr".
Onani ngati cholakwika chakonzedwa:
kusintha kwatsopano
Tikuwona kuti palibe cholakwika, chifukwa chosowa chikuwonjezeka.
Ikani ma codec ofunikira poyendetsa lamulo:
kuyika libfaad2 libmp4v2-2 libfaac0 alsamixergui twolame libmp3lame0 libdvdnav4 libdvdnav4 libdvdcss2 w64codecs(kwa dongosolo la-bit-64)
kapena
kuyika libfaad2 libmp4v2-2 libfaac0 alsamixergui twolame libmp3lame0 libdvdnav4 libdvdnav4 libdvdread4 libdvdcss2(kwa dongosolo 32-bit)

Mukamaliza mfundo zonse, mudzakhazikitsa ma codec onse ofunikira m'dongosolo lanu. Koma uko sikukutha kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Debian.

Gawo 9: Ikani Flash Player

Iwo omwe amadziwa bwino Linux amadziwa kuti opanga Flash Player sanasinthitse malonda awo papulatiyi kwa nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, komanso chifukwa izi ndi zothandiza, sizogawika anthu ambiri. Koma pali njira yosavuta kukhazikitsa pa Debian.

Kukhazikitsa Adobe Flash Player muyenera kuchita:

sudo apt-kukhazikitsa flashplugin-nonfree

Pambuyo pake, imayikidwa. Koma ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito msakatuli wa Chromium, yambitsaninso lamulo lina:

sudo apt-kukhazikitsa pepperflashplugin-nonfree

Kwa Mozilla Firefox, lamuloli ndi losiyana:

sudo apt-kukhazikitsa flashplayer-mozilla

Tsopano zinthu zonse zamasamba omwe amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Flash azipezeka kwa inu.

Gawo 10: Ikani Java

Ngati mukufuna kuti pulogalamu yanu iwonetse bwino zinthu zopangidwa m'chinenerocho cha Java, muyenera kukhazikitsa phukusi ili pa OS yanu. Kuti muchite izi, thamangani lamulo limodzi lokha:

sudo apt-kukhazikitsa kusakhulupirika-jre

Mukaphedwa, mupeza mtundu wa Java Runtime mazingira. Koma mwatsoka, sioyenera kupanga mapulogalamu a Java. Ngati mukufuna njira iyi, ikani Java Development Kit:

sudo apt-kukhazikitsa kusakhazikika-jdk

Gawo 11: Kukhazikitsa Mapulogalamu

Sikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa desktop wokha "Pokwelera"ngati nkotheka kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu ali ndi mawonekedwe owjambula. Tikukupatsirani pulogalamu yoyeserera yoyikiratu.

chinyengo - imagwira ntchito ndi mafayilo a PDF;
vlc - Wosewera makanema wotchuka;
fayilo-yoyendetsa - chosungira;
bulachbit - yeretsani dongosolo;
gimp - chiwonetsero chazithunzi (analogue of Photoshop);
clementine - wosewera nyimbo;
qalculate - chowerengera;
kuwombera - pulogalamu yowonera zithunzi;
gpped - mkonzi wa zigawo za disk;
diodon - woyang'anira clipboard;
wolemba-libreoffice - purosesa la mawu;
libreoffice-calc - tebulo purosesa.

Mapulogalamu ena ochokera pamndandandawu amatha kale kuyika makina anu ogwiritsira ntchito, zonse zimatengera zomangamanga.

Kukhazikitsa ntchito iliyonse pamndandanda, gwiritsani ntchito lamulo:

sudo apt-get kukhazikitsa ProgramName

Pomwe m'malo "ProgramName" m'malo dzina la pulogalamu.

Kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu onse nthawi imodzi, ingoikani mayina awo ndi danga:

sudo apt-get windows-roller evince diodon qalculate clementine vlc gimp shotback gpwed libreoffice-wolemba libreoffice-calc

Lamuloli litaperekedwa, kutsitsa kwakanthawi kumayamba, pambuyo pake mapulogalamu onse omwe akhazikitsidwa adzaikidwa.

Gawo 12: Kukhazikitsa Oyendetsa pa Khadi la Zithunzi

Kukhazikitsa woyendetsa makadi ojambula ku Debian ndi njira yomwe kupambana kwake kumadalira zinthu zambiri, makamaka ngati muli ndi AMD. Mwamwayi, m'malo mwa kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane kwa zochenjera zonse ndikupanga malamulo ambiri mkati "Pokwelera", mutha kugwiritsa ntchito script yapadera yomwe imatsitsa ndikuyika chilichonse chokha. Za iye tsopano kuti tikhala tikulankhula.

Chofunikira: mukakhazikitsa madalaivala, script imatseka njira zonse za oyang'anira mawindo, kotero musanaperekepo malangizowo, sungani zinthu zonse zofunika.

Tsegulani "Pokwelera" ndipo pitani kumndandanda "bin"chomwe chikuyambira:
cd / usr / kudera / bulu
Tsitsani zolemba kuchokera patsamba lovomerezeka sgfxi:
sudo wget -Nc smxi.org/sgfxi
Mpatseni ufulu wakupha:
sudo chmod + x sgfxi
Tsopano mukuyenera kupita ku cholumikizira. Kuti muchite izi, akanikizire kuphatikiza kiyi Ctrl + Alt + F3.
Lowetsani dzina lanu lolowera ndi mawu achinsinsi.

Pezani maudindo akuluakulu
su
Thamanga mawu ndi kuthamangitsa lamulo:
sgfxi
Pakadali pano, scriptyo idzayang'ana makina anu ndi kupereka kukhazikitsa makina oyendetsa atsopano. Mutha kusankha nokha ndikusankha mtunduwo pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo:
sgfxi -o [mtundu wa driver]
Chidziwitso: mutha kupeza mitundu yonse yomwe ilipo yoyika kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la "sgfxi -h".

Pambuyo pazinthu zonse zomwe zachitika, script imayamba kutsitsa ndikukhazikitsa woyendetsa wosankhidwa. Muyenera kungoyembekezera mpaka kumapeto kwa njirayi.

Ngati pazifukwa zina mwasankha kuchotsa woyendetsa woyikiratu, mutha kuchita izi pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo:

sgfxi -

Mavuto omwe angakhalepo

Monga mapulogalamu ena aliwonse, script sgfxi ali ndi zolakwika. Ikaperekedwa, zolakwika zina zimatha kuchitika. Tsopano tiwona otchuka kwambiri a iwo ndikupereka malangizo oti athetse.

Talephera kuchotsa gawo la Nouveau.. Kuthetsa vutoli ndikosavuta - muyenera kuyambiranso kompyuta ndikuyambiranso script.
Kutonthoza kopitilira muyeso kumasintha zokha. Ngati pakukhazikitsa njira mutha kuwona chithunzithunzi chatsopano pazenera, ndiye kuti mungoyambiranso machitidwewo ndikungobwerera kumene mwa kukanikiza Ctrl + Alt + F3.
Chophonya kumayambiriro kwa opaleshoni chimapanga cholakwika. Nthawi zambiri, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha paketi yomwe ikusowa munjira. "pangani-zofunikira". Script imatsitsa pa zokha pakukhazikitsa, koma palinso zowunikira. Kuti muthane ndi vutoli, ikani phukusi pokhazikitsa lamulo:
khalani ndi kukhazikitsa ndikofunikira

Awa anali mavuto omwe ankachitika nthawi zambiri mukamayendetsa script, ngati simunapeze anu, ndiye kuti mutha kudziwa zomwe bukuli likulemba, lomwe lili patsamba lovomerezeka la wopanga mapulogalamu.

Gawo 13: Kukhazikitsa NumLock zokha

Zofunikira zonse za dongosololi zidakonzedwa kale, koma pamapeto pake ndikuyenera kufotokozera momwe mungapangire kuphatikiza kwawokha kwa NumLock digito. Chowonadi ndi chakuti pakugawidwa kwa Debian, mosasintha, izi sizikonzedwa, ndipo gulu liyenera kuyatsidwa nthawi iliyonse lokha dongosolo litayamba.

Chifukwa chake, kuti musinthe, muyenera:

Tsitsani pulogalamu "numlockx". Kuti muchite izi, lowetsani "Pokwelera" lamulo ili:
sudo apt-kukhazikitsa nambala yalocklockx
Tsegulani fayilo yosintha "Zosintha". Fayiloyi ndi yomwe imayambitsa malamulo pakompyuta ikayamba.
sudo gedit / etc / gdm3 / Init / Yokhazikika
Ikani zolemba zotsatirazi mzere mzerewu usanachitike "tuluka 0":
ngati [-x / usr / bin / numlockx]; ndiye / usr / bin / numlockx pa fi

Sungani zosintha ndikatseka zolemba.

Tsopano, kompyuta ikayamba, gulu la digito limatsegukira lokha.

Pomaliza

Mukamaliza kufotokozera mfundo zonse mu chiwongolero cha Debian, mudzapeza zida zogawa zomwe sizabwino kungogwira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku zaogwiritsa ntchito wamba, komanso pogwira ntchito pakompyuta. Ndikofunika kufotokozera kuti zosintha pamwambazi ndizofunikira, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito azomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

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